TNF-α抑制剂及其他生物制剂诱发银屑病的临床研究
肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)抑制剂已成为慢性炎症性疾病患者无法耐受传统治疗或传统治疗失败时的重要选择,然而2~5%使用TNF-α抑制剂的患者会诱发银屑病皮损或加重银屑病。TNF-α抑制剂既是治疗银屑病的药物又是其诱因时,被称为矛盾性银屑病(PP)。矛盾性银屑病与经典银屑病的临床表现类似,但免疫学机制不同。该文概述了矛盾性银屑病的发病机制、临床病理特点和处置流程,同时总结了其他常见生物制剂使用中出现矛盾性银屑病的概况。
正文
肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)抑制剂在类风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、克罗恩病、银屑病等多种炎症性疾病中有一定疗效,常见皮肤相关的不良反应有局部注射反应、皮肤感染、皮肤肿瘤、免疫介导的皮肤反应等,其中免疫介导的皮肤反应包括皮肤狼疮样反应、斑秃、白癜风、原有银屑病加重或新发银屑病等,此类与TNF-α抑制剂等生物制剂相关的银屑病也叫矛盾性银屑病(PP)。
一、矛盾性银屑病的发病机制
1、遗传易感性:
生物制剂是炎症性疾病的重要治疗手段之一,仅少部分患者使用TNF-α抑制剂后发生矛盾性银屑病,说明除自身免疫外,存在个体遗传易感性的差异。研究显示,发生矛盾性银屑病的患者TNF-α基因rs1799964位点C等位基因频率显著增高,人类白细胞抗原HLA-Cw06基因rs10484554位点T等位基因频率显著降低[1]。另一项研究也显示,5个SNP位点(IL-23R基因rs11209026位点、FBXL19基因rs10782001位点、CTLA4基因rs3087243位点、SLC12A8基因rs651630位点、TAP1基因rs1800453位点)与矛盾性银屑病的发病密切相关,证明了基因多态性与该疾病的密切关联[2]。
2、干扰素失衡:
银屑病易感个体受到环境刺激,激活浆细胞样树突细胞(pDC)产生干扰素-α(IFN-α),IFN-α刺激传统树突细胞(cDC)分泌TNF-α、白介素-23(IL-23)等细胞因子。TNF-α一方面通过负反馈使上游的pDC成熟,限制pDC产生IFN-α;另一方面与IL-23及cDC的其他下游因子诱导初始T细胞分化并释放相应的细胞因子,最终导致经典银屑病的发病。一般情况下,阻断TNF-α可阻止cDC下游因子的释放,减少致病T细胞的募集,减轻银屑病症状。“干扰素失衡假说”认为,在矛盾性银屑病中TNF-α抑制剂阻断了TNF-α对pDC的反馈作用,使pDC无法成熟,从而持续产生IFN-α,激活病理性T细胞,形成一种由IFN-α介导的独立于传统T细胞的免疫反应[3]。此外,IFN-α还可上调某些趋化因子受体如CXCR3,诱导自身反应性T细胞向皮肤迁移,加重银屑病样皮损。
3、T细胞亚群分化失衡:
矛盾性银屑病是以pDC、中性粒细胞、肥大细胞、单核细胞、I型干扰素为特征的经典银屑病早期的天然免疫过程[4]。过量的IFN-α为矛盾性银屑病发病的关键驱动因子,但其下游通路不同于经典银屑病。由于疾病种类、生物制剂种类以及患者对治疗敏感性的差异,TNF-α抑制剂对免疫细胞亚群影响研究的结论尚存在争议。产生IFN-γ的Th1细胞与矛盾性银屑病发病可能相关,但TNF-α抑制剂治疗后外周血Th1细胞比例升高[5]还是降低[6]尚无定论,且可能与病情活动度有关,如在使用阿达木单抗后病情缓解的类风湿性关节炎患者中IFN-γ明显增高[5],而强直性脊柱炎患者分别使用英夫利西单抗和依那西普后,外周血Th1细胞数分别降低和升高[7]。矛盾性银屑病患者皮损处Th17细胞数增多,IL-17A和IL-22水平升高[8],IL-17的下游因子IL-36、β防御素的表达也显著增强[9]。炎症性肠病患者矛盾性银屑病皮损的严重程度与表达IL-17A的T细胞数有关,且抗IL-12/23治疗有效[10]。但强直性脊柱炎患者接受TNF-α抑制剂治疗后Th17细胞比例及相关细胞因子均下调[11]。目前多数研究认为,相较于健康人群,矛盾性银屑病患者Th17和Th1细胞的表达明显上调[10,12]。此外,TNF-α抑制剂可通过促进单核细胞与调节性T细胞(Treg)之间的相互作用,增强单核细胞膜TNF与Treg细胞上TNF-RII的结合从而上调Foxp3⁺ Treg细胞,同时通过STAT5介导的信号途径抑制Th17细胞的表达,这提示Th17与Treg细胞间的平衡对维持免疫稳态至关重要[6,13]。
4、其他细胞因子/趋化因子紊乱:
TNF-α抑制剂可下调一系列炎症相关的细胞因子和趋化因子,如IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β、CCL13和单核细胞趋化蛋白1等。一组关于类风湿性关节炎的研究显示,阿达木单抗治疗有效的患者中与Th17细胞募集有关的特征性表面标志物CCR6表达明显低于病情活跃患者[5];在接受英夫利西单抗治疗的患者中,与炎症介质释放有关的CX3CL1及其受体CX3CR1均明显降低[14,15];其他下调的趋化因子还有CCL18[16]、CXCL10、CXCL13[17]和CCL20[18]等。上述细胞因子和趋化因子的表达下调又可以进一步影响相关T细胞的分化,如类风湿性关节炎患者在使用戈利木单抗后,体内循环记忆T细胞会经历亚群的重新分配,即中央记忆T细胞向效应记忆T细胞转化,且相关的TNF-α、IL-2、IL-17水平升高,这可能是记忆T细胞得到负反馈后补偿性分泌被中和的TNF-α[19]。目前关于“细胞因子紊乱假说”的多数研究样本量较小,结论仍存在一定局限性。
二、矛盾性银屑病的临床病理特点
矛盾性银屑病通常发生在使用生物制剂的第1个月至数年,平均16.4个月,59%为中年女性,平均42.2岁。最常见诱发矛盾性银屑病的药物为TNF-α抑制剂,如英夫利西单抗、阿达木单抗、依那西普[20]。TNF-α抑制剂诱导的矛盾性银屑病多表现为掌跖脓疱病、斑块状银屑病,也可表现为严重脱发、泛发性脓疱型银屑病、点滴状银屑病、反向银屑病等,可合并出现,部分患者的临床和病理表现可兼具湿疹与银屑病特征[3,9]。皮损多累及肢端(尤其足底和手掌)、头皮、躯干,也可累及颜面、腋窝、腹股沟等,头皮累及在年轻患者中更多见。皮损组织病理表现大致可分为经典银屑病样皮炎、湿疹样海绵水肿性皮炎、苔藓样界面性皮炎这3种模式,可不同程度重叠出现[3]。
除TNF-α抑制剂外,其他生物制剂也可诱发湿疹样海绵水肿性皮炎模式,尤其IL-17抑制剂[21-22],常以Th2细胞亚群为主,可伴血清IgE水平升高[23]。最近Hu等[24]提出,每张组织切片中≥3个嗜酸性粒细胞和/或中性粒细胞分布于表皮角质层以下的病理特点可区分矛盾性银屑病与经典银屑病。但这一结论未建立在具体的临床或病理分型之上,故仍有争议[25]。
三、白介素(IL)抑制剂诱发的矛盾性银屑病
近年随着多种生物制剂的应用,陆续有其他生物制剂导致矛盾性银屑病的报道。据统计,使用IL-12/23抑制剂(乌司奴单抗)、IL-17A抑制剂(司库奇尤单抗、依奇珠单抗、布罗利尤单抗)发生矛盾性银屑病的患者中女性均占67%,平均发生在使用生物制剂3.1、4.9个月后[20]。IL-12/23或IL-17A抑制剂可能导致了上下游细胞因子紊乱,从而诱发或加重银屑病;阻断IL-23可下调TNF-α、上调IFN-α,使致病T细胞向皮肤迁移[26];阻断IL-17A可激活其上游的IL-23、IL-17F或其他通路因子IL-12、TNF-α[27]。这些矛盾性银屑病患者大多在局部治疗、系统用药、停用和/或更换生物制剂后得到缓解[26,28],环孢素替代治疗亦可取得较好疗效[29,30]。
常用于特应性皮炎治疗的IL-4/13抑制剂度普利尤单抗也有诱发或加重银屑病的风险。此类患者45%为中年女性,平均52.9岁,矛盾性银屑病平均发生于用药3.9个月后[20]。研究显示,特应性皮炎患者使用度普利尤单抗后,表达IL-4/13的Th1细胞受到抑制,而体内IL-17A、IL-23A表达增强[31,32],机体发生了Th1向Th17细胞免疫的偏移,导致矛盾性银屑病发生。
类风湿性关节炎患者使用IL-6抑制剂托珠单抗后也会出现矛盾性银屑病,但大多在停药后好转。矛盾性银屑病的发生可能源于托珠单抗用药间隔的延长,缩短用药间隔后矛盾性银屑病皮损可明显好转[33,34]。推测托珠单抗抑制了IL-6的活性,用药间隔延长可通过负反馈增加IL-6,诱导原始T细胞向Th17细胞分化,最终导致矛盾性银屑病发生。司妥昔单抗也是一种IL-6抑制剂,在治疗多中心型巨大淋巴结病的药物研究中发现4%(2例/53例)的患者发生矛盾性银屑病。
四、矛盾性银屑病的处置流程
治疗矛盾性银屑病的原则是控制原发病并减轻皮肤症状。虽然停药可使近半数患者痊愈,但仍有部分患者皮损会持续存在,且盲目停药会使原发病复发或加重。目前认为,原发病控制良好的患者伴轻至中度矛盾性银屑病应继续当前的TNF-α抑制剂治疗,辅以局部治疗,如糖皮质激素、维生素D3衍生物、钙调磷酸酶抑制剂;伴重度矛盾性银屑病且皮损局部治疗效果不佳时可增加光疗或系统治疗,如甲氨蝶呤、环孢素、霉酚酸酯、阿维A等,此时停用TNF-α抑制剂不是必须的[35]。原发病控制欠佳的矛盾性银屑病患者则需停用和/或更换生物制剂,同时辅以上述局部治疗、系统治疗、光疗及基础的对症支持治疗[20]。
目前研究显示,环孢素比甲氨蝶呤或糖皮质激素对矛盾性银屑病治疗更有益,而甲氨蝶呤剂量≥15mg/周的疗效优于≤10mg/周[36,37]。更换一种TNF-α抑制剂治疗矛盾性银屑病的有效率不到50%,其中更换为阿达木单抗可能优于其他TNF-α抑制剂[37]。此外,也有增加TNF-α抑制剂剂量或频率而取得良好疗效的报道[35]。多个队列研究结果提示,停用TNF-α抑制剂或更换另一种生物制剂对治疗矛盾性银屑病有效,尤其是乌司奴单抗[38,39]。
目前困扰临床医生的是如何权衡TNF-α抑制剂对原发病的控制作用和潜在的皮肤不良反应。近年不同团队提出的矛盾性银屑病治疗规范总体原则相似[37,40]:多数认为在TNF-α抑制剂对原发病控制良好的中至重度矛盾性银屑病患者中,可考虑换用另一种TNF-α抑制剂;在TNF-α抑制剂对原发病控制欠佳和/或出现难治性头皮矛盾性银屑病皮损伴脱发、严重的生殖器皮损、影响功能的掌跖皮损等患者中,应及时更换另一种生物制剂。
不同的炎症性疾病选择的生物制剂也有所不同,如类风湿性关节炎患者发生矛盾性银屑病可选择托珠单抗、利妥昔单抗等;银屑病患者发生矛盾性银屑病可选择依奇珠单抗、乌司奴单抗等;炎症性肠病患者发生矛盾性银屑病可选择乌司奴单抗、维得利珠单抗等[40]。
五、结语
矛盾性银屑病是指少数炎症性疾病患者使用TNF-α抑制剂或其他生物制剂后数天至数年内发生的一种皮肤不良反应。与经典银屑病不同的是,矛盾性银屑病不依赖T细胞介导的适应性免疫反应,而是由I型IFN介导的先天免疫反应,且通常不会复发。I型IFN并不能直接导致角质形成细胞过度增殖,提示其更可能通过激活特定的免疫细胞,释放有关细胞因子,从而导致矛盾性银屑病发生,但I型IFN具体的下游机制仍有待研究。临床数据表明,仅2~5%使用TNF-α抑制剂的患者发生矛盾性银屑病[3],可能与pDC或I型IFN的特定基因有关。
矛盾性银屑病总体预后良好,局部对症治疗、停用或更换生物制剂可使大部分患者痊愈。随着生物制剂在炎症性疾病中应用的增多,其对机体免疫平衡影响的不确定性越来越受到关注。因此,在使用生物制剂时出现银屑病皮损或原有银屑病皮损加重,则应警惕矛盾性银屑病的发生。
本文作者为南京医科大学第一附属医院(江苏省人民医院)皮肤科陆佳维、鲁严。
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